Tver passenger car. Tver Carriage Works is the main car building plant in Russia

Russia ID: 88

On August 25, 1898, a car building plant began to operate in Tver, the entire history of which is inextricably linked with the emergence of domestic car building and the history of the development of Russian railways.

In 1857, an imperial decree was issued on the construction of the first railway network with a length of 4000 versts, in 1866 the government issued concessions for the construction of 26 new lines. In the period 1868-1875. 1750 km were put into operation annually. steel lines. Railways in an ever-increasing volume required rolling stock. But the Alexander Plant, the only one in Russia, which built cars, steam locomotives and repaired them, did not meet the growing needs of the railways in rolling stock. Therefore, for the newly constructed railways, passenger cars were purchased abroad, mainly in Germany and France. The main drawback of most Western cars was the lack of a longitudinal passage, the doors were installed on both sides in the side walls of the car opposite each compartment. The doors opened outward and at the same time went beyond the limits of the approach of buildings, which was unsafe during movement. In winter, when the doors were opened, the compartment was very cold. The walls, roof and floor of the foreign car were single, without insulating layers, there was no heating, not all cars were equipped with brakes.

The Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) slowed down railway construction for a long 15 years. A new upsurge began in 1892. Since that time, for a decade, the growth in passenger traffic has been more than 20% annually, and freight turnover has increased even faster. The state at that time contributed a lot to the development of domestic car building. In 1892-1896. a number of legislative provisions were adopted, according to which the railways were obliged to purchase all rolling stock, including passenger cars, only of domestic production. At the initiative of the Franco-Belgian joint-stock company "Dil and Bakalan", the construction of the Verkhnevolzhsky plant of railway materials began in Tver. It was supposed to specialize in the production of railway rolling stock in a wide range of products: from cargo platforms and cars to passenger cars of the highest class. The agreement was signed by the head of Tver A.F. Karpov and Chairman of the joint-stock company "Dil and Bakalan" Mark Durie. And on August 25, 1898, the director of the plant, Mr. Liebke, received a certificate "for the opening of the plant's operations." It is this day that is considered the date of foundation of the Tver Carriage Works.

The Tver plant was built, as they say, "from the needle." The best and most modern machine tools, powerful steam units ensured high labor productivity and the highest quality of products. Together with the French, electricity also came to Tver - a steam engine at a power station powered direct current generators.

Already in 1899, the first 13 covered 9-meter boxcars with a carrying capacity of 12.5 tons were presented to the State Railways Inspectorate.

The first two-axle freight cars. The inscription "40 people, 8 horses" reminded of the military purpose of the railway and its rolling stock.

In the early years of the 20th century, the range of manufactured products expanded. The era of passenger car building begins at the Tver plant. It produces four-axle sleeping cars for the joint-stock company "International Society of Sleeping Cars and High-Speed ​​European Trains", passenger cars of all four classes: double-deck cars for settlers heading to the Far East, salons and sleeping compartments, passenger cars for countries with a hot climate. At this time, the plant was building up to 300 freight and up to 20 passenger cars per month.

In August 1915, the Tver Carriage Works passed into the possession of the joint stock company of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works. About 3,000 unfinished wagons were evacuated to Tver from Riga. The merger of factories has played a positive role in the technical equipment and improvement of work culture. The output of products in comparison with 1900 increased by 7-8 times.

The further development of the enterprise was disrupted by the revolution of 1917 and the civil war that followed. On October 26, 1918, the Tver Russian-Baltic Carriage Works was nationalized. Many car builders were called to the front. Output in 1919 decreased by 3-4 times compared to 1916 - only 39 passenger and 486 freight cars were produced. At the end of 1921, the decision of the Main Directorate of Machine-Building Plants came to Tver on the conservation of the plant, which lasted four years.

The decision to resume the work of the plant coincided with the beginning of the period of industrialization - October 1, 1925. It was decided to replace the two-axle freight car with a four-axle design, which significantly increased its carrying capacity. The train, made up of four-axle cars, has a shorter length with more weight. With a decrease in the length of the train, fuel consumption and tare weight per unit mass of cargo are reduced, cornering is improved, and safety is increased.

In 1931, in connection with the renaming of the city of Tver into Kalinin, the plant became the Kalinin Carriage Building Plant (and remained so for 60 years - until Tver returned its historical name in 1991).

In 1932, the building of a new, almost half-kilometer-long car assembly shop was laid, the plant management building was erected, the construction of a mechanical shop, the reconstruction of the woodworking and tool shops began. The electric power industry received new transformers, an oxygen station was built at the plant, which is necessary for organizing gas cutting and welding. But the main innovative process of that time was the introduction for the first time in car building of electric welding as the main method of joining parts instead of riveting.

In 1934, the number of employees at the plant amounted to 6.5 thousand people, the volume of output exceeded the level of 1913 ten times.

In 1937, the plant produced 5736 freight heavy-duty and 418 passenger cars, having exceeded the figures of 1913 by 16.4 times in terms of total production, and became the largest car-building enterprise in Europe.

In 1939, by the decision of the Government of the USSR, the production specialization of the plant was defined as "passenger car building". In the same year, work was launched to create the largest all-metal passenger car of a new design. At the beginning of 1940, the new cars underwent a test run on the Moscow-Sochi route and back. Feedback from the crews operating the new cars has been positive. All plans were interrupted by the war.

Due to the difficult military and political situation on the border of the USSR, the production of freight cars has been increased, and the preparation for the production of a new passenger car has been suspended.

Since July 1941, the plant has launched the production of military products: artillery shells, mortars, bombs, ambulances. In parallel with this, there was a dismantling of equipment for car building, preparing it for evacuation to the eastern regions of the country. But the front advanced so rapidly that only one echelon with equipment and people could be sent east.

During the occupation of the city by the Nazi troops, the plant was badly destroyed, ruins lay on the site of the workshops. But already on January 3, 1942 - two weeks after the liberation of the city of Kalinin from the Nazis - an order was received from the People's Commissariat of Medium Machine Building of the USSR on the speedy resumption of the plant's activities. Restoration work has begun. Since October 1943, by decision of the State Defense Committee, the plant was included in the number of the most important defense enterprises of the country: the enterprise produced 18 types of front-line products.

During the Great Patriotic War, many car builders died defending our country. In memory of them, a monument-obelisk "To the Fallen in the Battles for the Motherland" was erected at the plant.

Seven car builders who fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Labor exploits of car builders were marked by government awards: 2426 workers, specialists and employees of the plant were awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."

They returned to passenger car building at the Kalinin Carriage Works in 1950. Without stopping the production of freight cars, the car assembly, frame-body and bogie shops were re-planned, the galvanizing section and the furniture shop were re-created, and woodworking production increased several times.

In the first quarter of 1951, the plant stopped producing freight cars. All forces were directed to the production of all-metal passenger cars.

The transition to the production of all-metal passenger cars required a radical change in the technology of welding. The designers and technologists of the Kalinin Carriage Works invented and created portal welding machines for welding roof arcs, for welding the side walls of the car and flooring. In the future, such automatic welding machines were used at other domestic and foreign car-building enterprises.

According to the seven-year plan adopted in the late 1950s, the plant staff was instructed to master several types of cars. Production from large-scale turned into serial and small-scale production, the share of single orders increased. In 1959, the plant built only one type of passenger car, and in 1965 - already 11 types and modifications. During these years, for the first time in the practice of domestic car building, the plant organized serial production and manufactured a large batch of passenger cars equipped with an air conditioning system and centralized power supply from power cars, which were intended for operation on Central Asian routes, and also ran between Moscow and Leningrad.

The pace of electrification of railways in the country was high, and the Riga Carriage Works could not cope with the volume of production of electric trains. The production of electric train cars was entrusted to the Kalinin Carriage Works. Head and trailer electric cars were produced. Electric trains, which received the code name ER, were designed for high accelerations, had a short braking section, automatic doors, and a perfect heating and ventilation system. For the period from 1959 to 1969. 4552 electric train cars were manufactured

Mastering the production of electric train cars required organizational and technical restructuring of production. In terms of scale, it turned out to be no less than the one that was carried out a decade earlier during the transition to passenger car building.

At the end of 1958, a bureau of new materials was created at the plant, whose specialists were entrusted with the development and implementation of new technologies based on polymers to reduce weight, improve the quality, reliability and durability of passenger cars. In 1963, 30 years before the use of polymer pipelines in construction, the Kalinin Carriage Works mastered the use of polymer materials in the water supply system of cars: tanks were made of fiberglass, tubes, couplings, tees and valves were made of polyethylene.

Simultaneously with the development of technology for the use of polymeric materials, the development of a technology for manufacturing a car body from light alloys was carried out. In 1961, the plant built an experimental car 23.6 meters long for interregional traffic with an aluminum-magnesium alloy body. The use of new materials made it possible to reduce the weight of a passenger car from 8 to 10 tons. All the work done made it possible to ensure the growth of one of the most important indicators of progress in car building - an increase in train speeds. If at the end of the 50s the plant produced long-distance cars designed for speeds up to 100 km / h, then in the mid-60s the plant mastered cars with a design speed of up to 180 km / h.

In 1965, the plant built the Avrora express, consisting of 9 interregional cars and a power station car. The journey between the capitals on the Aurora took only 4 hours and 59 minutes.

Further development of high-speed traffic required research in the field of wheel-rail interaction and evaluation of various structural elements of running gear. To accomplish this task in 1970, together with A.S. Yakovlev and VNIIV, a project was implemented for a high-speed motor car with a turbojet drive from two engines of the Yak-40 aircraft.

In 1971, a self-propelled laboratory car was tested on the Golutvin-Ozery line of the Moscow Railway, where a speed of 187 km/h was reached. At the beginning of 1972, the car made trips on the Novomoskovsk-Dneprodzerzhinsk section of the Pridneprovskaya railway, where it reached a speed of 249 km / h. During the tests, it turned out that the car can develop significantly higher speeds, but the existing railway track could not withstand the loads. At present, the head of the legendary laboratory car is built into a commemorative stele, opened on Constitution Square in Tver to commemorate the 110th anniversary of the plant.

The accumulated experience allowed in 1972-73. to build the Russian Troika express train (RT-200), which, during tests, developed a speed of up to 250 km / h. It was a real breakthrough in car building. The car had a pear-shaped cross section - the most advantageous in terms of aerodynamics. For the manufacture of the body used aluminum-magnesium alloys.

Despite a large number of works related to the development of the production of cars for high-speed traffic, the plant continued to modernize the main model range to meet the ever-increasing demand for mass passenger transportation. In 1981, the plant mastered the production of a serial passenger car of an open type 61-821, in 1985-1987. produced interregional railcars model 61-837 with seating.

In subsequent years, with the development of perestroika processes in the country, difficult times came for the plant. The state was withdrawing from the economy, and the plant, which had been working for many years as part of the economic integration of the CMEA member countries, was thrown into conditions of fierce competition with Western manufacturers of rolling stock. The accumulated experience and high professionalism of the team of Tver car builders allowed the enterprise not only to survive in the current conditions, but also to maintain its position in the market. Already in 1989, the plant built an interregional railway carriage model 61-838, designed for speeds up to 200 km/h. This model was intended for testing systems and equipment subsequently used in serial production.

In the early 90s, the Tver Carriage Works, which had been building non-compartment cars for many years in a row, mastered the production of cars with a 4-seater compartment. The problem of import substitution of compartment cars, previously produced in Germany, was solved. In the spring of 1993, a presentation of a compartment car model 61-820 of increased comfort with improved technical characteristics and design took place. Its mass production began in 1994.

On May 21, 1993, an open joint-stock company "Tver Carriage Works" was formed, to which all the main production assets of the enterprise were transferred. The plant continued to produce various types of passenger cars: compartment and reserved seat, staff and SV, open type and with seating, mail and luggage, freight cars and special purpose cars, as well as bogies for passenger cars and for trailer cars of electric trains, wheel sets with axle boxes for bogies of passenger and freight cars; iron casting.

The plant is faced with a new task - to develop and master the production of cars with a flat sidewall, since such a design is necessary for organizing high-speed traffic - 200 km / h and above. In addition, it is widely used in the European world car building, as it allows you to expand the interior space of the car and simplify the process of its operation. The staff of the enterprise successfully coped with the task, and in 1998, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the plant, a new generation car model 61-4170 was manufactured, designed for use at speeds of 200 km/h. In the production of this car model, the most modern technologies were used, which made it possible to implement the most promising and bold design developments. In particular, stainless steel was used in the body structure, cradleless carts with increased smoothness were used, computerized information and life support systems were installed, environmentally friendly toilets and much more. Such trains as Nevsky Express (2001), Burevestnik (2004), Red Arrow (2005) were made and formed from cars of this series.

Carriage building plants are enterprises of transport engineering that produce passenger and freight cars for the needs of railways.

In accordance with the technical characteristics, railcars produced at railcar building enterprises are classified as follows:

• by the number of axles (four-, six-, eight-axle, multi-axle);
• according to the technology used in the manufacture of the body, and the type of material (all-metal, with a body made of light alloys, with metal or wood lining);
• according to the structure of the chassis (non-bogie or bogie);
• by carrying capacity;
• by load per 1 linear meter of railway track;
• by size;
• by the tare weight of the wagon;
• for axial load.

Carriage building plants replenish the Russian car fleet with four-axle all-metal cars (compartment, reserved seat, cars for interregional traffic, luxury cars), restaurant cars, postal, baggage, postal-luggage cars, special-purpose cars.

Freight cars produced by Russian car building enterprises are covered cars, flatcars, gondola cars, tanks, isothermal cars, hopper cars, special purpose cars (for example, for the transportation of radioactive waste).

In addition, car building plants produce self-propelled motor electrified cars for electric trains, subway and diesel train cars, tram cars, as well as bogies for passenger cars and wheel sets.

Carriage building enterprises have main and auxiliary production. The main workshops are:

• car assembly;
• casting;
• cold press;
• forging and pressing;
• cart;
• frame-body;
• woodworking;
• headset.

Auxiliary production processes are carried out in the workshops:

• instrumental;
• boiler room;
• electric power;
• motor transport;
• painting;
• experimental;
• mechanical repair;
• experimental products.

In modern car building technology, various technological processes are widely used - mechanical, electrochemical, thermal, acoustic, electrical, chemical, etc. New cars are created using economical materials, light alloys, welded structures. New progressive methods of forging and casting are being introduced into production. Standardization and unification of parts and assembly units ensures their interchangeability.

The history of Russian carriage building began in the middle of the 19th century. The first carriage structures for the Russian railway were created at the Sormovsky, Putilovsky, Kolomna, Bryansk, Petersburg, Upper Volga, Mytishchi plants.

OJSC "Tver Carriage Works" (TVZ) is an enterprise with a century-old history, but modern production. It is capable of assembling 1,200 railcars of 200 models and modifications per year, which is a record figure for Russia. The company is part of the structure of Transmashholding.

Prerequisites for creation

In the middle of the 19th century, rapid construction of railways began in Russia. More than 1500 km of tracks were introduced annually. However, at that time in the empire there was only one large locomotive and car building plant in St. Petersburg - Aleksandrovsky. He was also involved in the repair of rolling stock. Naturally, its capacities were not enough, it was necessary to purchase wagons and railway equipment abroad.

As practice has shown, Western European-style cars were not very suitable for Russian conditions. They had an unsuitable design, and were not insulated. Some didn't even have brakes. In the 1890s, the government passed a series of laws encouraging railroad workers to purchase rolling stock from domestic companies. Favorable economic conditions were created for the development of this line of business, foreign investments poured into the country.

Birth

On September 23, 1896, French and Belgian industrialists concluded an agreement with the authorities of Tver on the lease of a plot of land for the construction of the Tver Carriage Works. The city of Tver, located between Moscow and St. Petersburg, was an ideal place for a new enterprise. Two years later (08/25/1898) director Liebka was awarded a certificate for the right to work, this date is the birthday of the plant.

At the time of opening, it was one of the most advanced production facilities in Russia. Foreign industrialists were not stingy: the best equipment and tools were purchased, powerful steam engines made it possible to achieve high productivity. The new cars of the Tver Carriage Works were of high quality and enviable technical characteristics. Thanks to the launch of the enterprise, electricity appeared in Tver - one of the steam units provided the townspeople with electricity.

Pre-revolutionary period

By 1899, the first batch of 13 covered freight cars was ready, capable of transporting up to 12.5 tons of cargo each. It was a so-called dual-use product. In case of war, they were easily converted to transport personnel (40 people or 8 horses) or military cargo.

With the onset of the 20th century, the Tver Carriage Works switched to the production of passenger cars of all possible classes: from double-deckers for migrants setting out to explore the expanses of Siberia and the Far East to luxurious 26-meter "salon" for the elite, including the royal family. The main products were sleeping cars for high-speed trains. In 1915, the Tver and Riga factories merged.

Time for a change

The October Revolution interfered with the plans for the development of the enterprise. In 1918 it was nationalized, and in 1921 it was mothballed. The work of the plant resumed in 1925. Instead of two-axle freight cars, the assembly of four-axle ones was started, which made it possible to significantly increase their carrying capacity.

In 1931, Tver was renamed Kalinin, respectively, the Tver Carriage Works was renamed Kalinin. A year later, the construction of a huge workshop, almost a kilometer long, began, where the assembly of rolling stock was subsequently established. By this time, over 6,500 workers worked in the production, and productivity was 10 times higher than in 1913. In 1937 alone, the enterprise produced 418 passenger and 5736 heavy freight cars.

War

After the German attack on the USSR, the plant switched to the production of purely military products: medical supplies, ammunition, mortars. However, the city was soon occupied by the German army, and they did not have time to take out the equipment. Most of the shops were destroyed.

01/03/1942 after a successful counteroffensive, the city of Kalinin was liberated. Immediately, a decision was approved on the urgent restoration of production. By the autumn of 1943, the Kalinin Carriage Works had become one of the largest operating plants in the Central region of the country. It produced 18 types of products for the front.

Post-war development

Even before the war, the engineers of the Kalinin (Tver) Carriage Works developed a unique comfortable all-metal passenger car for long-distance trains. In 1950, work in this direction was resumed, and already in 1951 the enterprise switched to their manufacture.

The introduction of new products required a major change in the technological process, the requirements for the quality of welding work have increased many times over. Specialists for the first time in the USSR developed a special gantry automatic welding machine for welding the arcs of the car roof, flooring and side walls.

By 1965, the plant was already producing 11 modifications of passenger cars (instead of one in 1959). On some models, for the first time in the practice of railway workers, air conditioners were installed, which were powered by electricity generated by a special power plant that was part of the train. Such systems were used in the south of the country, mainly in Central Asia.

At high speeds

By the 1960s, the question of increasing the speed of train movement was ripe. In 1965, an express train of the Aurora series was built. He was able to deliver passengers from Moscow to Leningrad in less than 5 hours - speeds unimaginable at that time. However, the experts did not stop there. Together with scientists, a project was developed for the construction of a turbojet train driven by two aircraft engines.

The experimental sample has been tested for many years on public routes, reaching speeds of up to 250 km / h. It turned out that he was able to move much faster, but the state of the railways did not allow him to accelerate above a given limit. The data obtained subsequently made it possible to design the express train RT-200, called the Russian Troika. Although its cruising speed was 200 km/h, it was also ideally capable of 250 km/h. This train has become the pride of the factory workers.

today

In the 1990s, JSC Tver Carriage Works experienced stagnation. The volume of orders decreased many times, but the factory workers found their market niche: for the first time in their history, they began to produce compartment cars, which were previously purchased in Germany. The first model 61-820 was introduced in 1993. Demand for traditional products gradually warmed up: passenger, postal-luggage, staff, cargo, special, etc.

Along the way, other products are produced. For example, the trams of the Tver Carriage Works travel around Moscow and other major cities of the country.

Since the 1990s, work has been underway to design and improve high-speed cars (over 200 km/h) with a flat body sidewall. By the centennial anniversary of the enterprise in 1998, the first sample of model 61-4170 was manufactured. New developments were applied in the design:

• increased strength and durability due to the corrosion-resistant steel frame;
• improved ride smoothness;
• many processes are automated and controlled by a central computer;
• toilets installed.

These cars were used in the formation of branded express trains "Red Arrow", "Petrel", "Nevsky Express" and others.

Today, the rail sector is on the rise. Russian Railways is updating the fleet of locomotives, wagons and special equipment. The main burden of responsibility falls on TVZ as the industry leader. In 2008, after many years of hard work, the production of a new generation of rolling stock was launched. Thanks to the modernization program, the capacity in recent years has doubled in the early 2000s, up to 1200 now).

Since 2009, within the framework of cooperation with Siemens Corporation, the development and construction of RIC-coupe cars with a transformable interior has been carried out. These products can be operated both on the track of the Russian standard (1520 mm) and the European standard (1435 mm).

Also, since 2009, double-deck cars, new for Russia, have been produced, which the citizens of the country have already managed to fall in love with. By the way, this is an own development of car builders from Tver.

Workshops and their description

The Tver Carriage Works is one of the few domestic enterprises where cars for high-speed traffic are created and built. Naturally, their production requires innovative technologies and modern equipment. Technological capacities are designed to assemble over 1,000 railcars of various modifications, including single copies.

Production consists of a number of sections. The main workshops are:

• Wagon Assembly. Here, the final assembly of railway equipment is carried out from components created in other areas.
• Frame-body, Trolley (manufacturing of frames and bogies).
• Woodworking, Garniturny (production of wooden structures, products, decorative elements).
• Foundry, Forging and pressing, Cold pressing (obtaining metal structures of complex shapes).
• Small-scale (execution of single special orders).

Auxiliary shops:

• Instrumental.
• Painting.
• Electric power.
• Boiler room.
• Motor transport.
• Repair and mechanical.
• Experimental.
• Experienced Products.

Tver Carriage Works: reviews

The enterprise is one of the largest employers in the Tver region. A large volume of orders allows us to guarantee decent and timely wages. Employees note high social standards at work. Needy workers are provided with a place in the hostel. Surprisingly, lunches at the factory are free, and, according to reviews, the food is good. Work at the enterprise is hard, but highly paid. The administration demands strict discipline.

Address of the Tver Carriage Works: 170003, Russian Federation, city of Tver, Petersburg Highway, bldg. 45-B.

Tver Carriage Works (TVZ) is the only enterprise in Russia that manufactures various types of locomotive-hauled passenger carriages. The plant specializes in the production of single-deck and double-deck passenger cars, RIC-size cars for international passenger transportation, electric trains, as well as various types of special-purpose cars and freight cars, bogies for rolling stock of mainline railways. Over the past 10 years, the company has produced more than 7,000 different passenger cars.

The production facilities of the plant allow for the production of several models of passenger and special cars, as well as electric trains at the same time.

A unique design school, a modern production base and more than a century of experience in the production of passenger rolling stock provide the company with the ability to perform any task of creating new models of cars in the quantities required by the customer.

Production capacity - over 1000 wagons per year

The number of employees of the enterprise is about 5500 people.

Products

• Single-deck cars of various types for speeds up to 160 and 200 km/h
• Double-deck passenger cars of various types for speeds up to 160 km/h
• Wagons for international passenger traffic of RIC gauge for 1435 mm gauge
• Electric trains for speeds up to 160 km/h
• Freight and special purpose wagons
• Bogies for passenger cars
• Wheel sets for passenger and freight cars
• Spare parts for passenger cars

Production structure

• Cutting and stockpiling
• Press
• Foundry
• Forging and pressing
• Machining
• Galvanic
• Woodworking
• Assembly and welding
• painting
• Plastics processing
• Assembly

Historical reference

The plant was founded on August 25, 1898 on the initiative of the Franco-Belgian joint-stock company "Dil and Bakalan" with the name "Upper Volga Plant of Railway Materials". And already in 1899, the first 13 covered 9-meter boxcars with a carrying capacity of 12.5 tons each, produced in Tver, were presented to the State Railways Inspectorate.

From the first years of the 20th century, the era of passenger car building began at the plant. At that time, four-axle sleeping cars were produced in Tver for the joint-stock company "International Society of Sleeping Cars and High-Speed ​​European Trains", passenger cars of all four classes, 6-axle 26-meter salon cars for the Grand Duke's family, service cars with salons and sleeping compartments, passenger cars for countries with a hot climate, as well as double-decker cars for immigrants going to the Far East.

In 1918 the car building plant was nationalized. He produced passenger freight cars, tank cars, as well as carts and gigs for the Military Technical Directorate and various agricultural implements.

In 1931, in connection with the renaming of the city of Tver to Kalinin, the plant became the Kalinin Carriage Works (and remained so for 60 years - until the return of its historical name to the city in 1991).

In 1932, the building of a new, almost half-kilometer-long car assembly shop was laid, the plant management building was erected, the construction of a mechanical shop, the reconstruction of the woodworking and tool shops began. The electric power industry received new transformers, an oxygen station was built at the plant, which is necessary for organizing gas cutting and welding. But the main innovative process of that time was the introduction for the first time in the domestic car building of electric welding as the main method of joining parts instead of riveting.

In 1934, the number of employees at the plant amounted to 6.5 thousand people, the volume of output exceeded the level of 1913 ten times. In 1937, the plant produced 5736 freight heavy-duty and 418 passenger cars, having exceeded the figures of 1913 by 16.4 times in terms of total production, and became the largest car-building enterprise in Europe.

In 1939, work was launched at the plant to create a compartment all-metal passenger car of a new design. At the beginning of 1940, the experimental cars underwent a test flight on the Moscow-Sochi route and back. The cars received positive feedback from the operators and were planned to be put into production. All plans were disrupted by the war: the plant had to increase the production of freight cars, and work on the development of a new passenger car was suspended.

Since July 1941, the plant has launched the production of military products: artillery shells, mortars, bombs, ambulances. In parallel with this, the equipment was dismantled and prepared for evacuation to the eastern regions of the country. However, the front advanced so rapidly that only one echelon with equipment and people was able to send to the east.

During the occupation of the city by the Nazi troops, the plant was badly destroyed, ruins lay on the site of the workshops. But already on January 3, 1942 - two weeks after the liberation of the city of Kalinin from the Nazis - an order was received from the People's Commissariat of Medium Machine Building of the USSR on the speedy resumption of the plant's activities. Restoration work has begun. Since October 1943, by decision of the State Defense Committee, the plant was included in the number of the most important defense enterprises of the country: the enterprise produced 18 types of front-line products.

They returned to passenger car building at the Kalinin Carriage Works in 1950. Without stopping the production of freight cars, the car assembly, frame-body and bogie shops were re-planned, the galvanizing section and the furniture shop were re-created, and woodworking production increased several times. Since 1951, the plant has directed all its efforts to the production of all-metal passenger cars.

According to the seven-year plan adopted at the end of the 50s, the plant staff was instructed to master several types of cars. Production from large-scale turned into serial and small-scale production, the share of single orders increased. In 1959, the plant built only one type of passenger car, and in 1965 - already 11 types and modifications. During these years, for the first time in the practice of domestic car building, the plant organized serial production and manufactured a large batch of passenger cars equipped with an air conditioning system and centralized power supply from power cars, which were intended for operation on Central Asian routes, and also ran between Moscow and Leningrad.

Against the backdrop of a dynamic growth in the number of electrified railways, the Kalinin Carriage Works was entrusted with the production of electric train cars - head and trailer. During the period from 1959 to 1969, 4552 electric train cars were manufactured. Mastering the production of electric train cars required organizational and technical restructuring of production. In terms of scale, it turned out to be no less than the one that was carried out a decade earlier during the transition to passenger car building.

In 1961, the plant built an experimental car 23.6 meters long for interregional traffic with an aluminum-magnesium alloy body. The use of new materials made it possible to reduce the weight of the passenger car by 8-10 tons. All the work done made it possible to ensure the growth of one of the most important indicators of progress in car building - the speed of trains. If at the end of the 50s the plant produced long-distance cars designed for speeds up to 100 km / h, then in the mid-60s the plant mastered cars with a design speed of up to 180 km / h.

In 1965, the plant built the Avrora Express, consisting of 9 interregional cars and a power station car, and providing a speed of 160-180 km / h. The Aurora covered the path between Moscow and the northern capital in 4 hours 59 minutes.

Further development of high-speed movement required research in the field of wheel-rail interaction and evaluation of various structural elements of running gear. To accomplish this task in 1970, together with A.S. Yakovlev and VNIIV, a project was implemented for a high-speed motor car with a turbojet drive from two engines of the Yak-40 aircraft. During the tests, the self-propelled laboratory car reached a speed of 249 km/h. It turned out that it can also develop higher speeds, but the existing railway track cannot withstand such loads.

The accumulated experience in the creation of high-speed equipment allowed the factory workers in 1972-73 to build the Russian Troika express train (RT-200). At an operating speed of 200 km / h during the tests, he developed a speed of up to 250 km / h. It was a real breakthrough in car building.

In subsequent years, with the development of perestroika processes in the country, difficult times came for the plant. The state was withdrawing from the economy, and the plant, which had been working for many years as part of the economic integration of the CMEA member countries, was thrown into conditions of fierce competition with Western manufacturers of rolling stock.

The accumulated experience and high professionalism of the team of Tver car builders allowed the enterprise not only to survive in the current conditions, but also to maintain its position in the market. Already in 1989, the plant built an interregional railway carriage model 61-838, designed for speeds up to 200 km/h. This model was intended for testing systems and equipment that were subsequently used in serial production.

In the early 90s, the Tver Carriage Works, which had been building non-compartment cars for decades, mastered the production of cars with a 4-seater compartment - the problem of import substitution of compartment cars, previously produced in Germany, was solved. In the spring of 1993, a presentation of a compartment car model 61-820 of increased comfort with improved technical characteristics and design took place. Its mass production in Tver began in 1994.

In 1993, a new stage in the history of the enterprise began: on May 21, an open joint-stock company "Tver Carriage Works" was formed, to which all the main production assets of the enterprise were transferred. The main activities of the plant remained the manufacture, sale and repair of passenger cars and other rolling stock, the production of components and spare parts for it, the production of consumer goods and construction work, the implementation of scientific, technical, commercial and foreign economic activities. The plant continued to produce various types of passenger cars: compartment and reserved seat; staff and SV, open type and with seating, postal-luggage, freight cars and special purpose cars; as well as bogies for passenger cars and for trailer cars of electric trains; wheel pairs with axle boxes for passenger and freight car bogies; iron casting.

In the mid-90s, the plant faced a new task - to develop and master the production of cars with a flat sidewall of the body. It is this design that is used in the world car building. It allows you to expand the internal space of the car, simplify the process of its operation, provide the ability to use this technique in the organization of high-speed traffic. The staff of the enterprise successfully coped with the task and in 1998, on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the plant, a new generation car model 61-4170 was manufactured, designed for use at speeds of 200 km/h. The design of the cars implemented solutions that allow the use of the most modern technologies at that time. In particular, stainless steel was used in the body structure, cradleless carts with increased smoothness were used, computerized information and life support systems were installed, environmentally friendly toilets and much more. Such trains as Nevsky Express (2001), Burevestnik (2004) and Red Arrow (2005) were formed from cars of this series.

In the same years, JSC Russian Railways began to develop the draft Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030, which was subsequently approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 17, 2008. In order to fully participate in the implementation of the Strategy for the development of railway transport in the Russian Federation in terms of passenger cars, the plant began to prepare in advance. It was necessary to master the production of cars of a new model range, fundamentally different from previously produced models, to increase the plant's capacity to ensure the production of 1,200 cars per year, while maintaining the existing production facilities and infrastructure of the enterprise. These works were carried out in the conditions of the existing production with a simultaneous increase in the production of cars, which, of course, complicated the work and required high professionalism from the team.

The main volume of technical re-equipment of JSC TVZ as part of the development of the production of passenger cars of a new model range fell on the period from 2003 to 2008. The project was implemented in three stages, each of which involved the creation of independent production facilities for the production of promising designs for a new car: a cradleless undercarriage bogie with a disc brake system; wagon interior products using modern structural materials; bodies of increased length made of stainless steels. At the same time, technical re-equipment of the entire production of the plant was envisaged, which ensured an increase in its level to the quality indicators of leading European manufacturers of similar products.

The ideology of the technological process of manufacturing a new product provided, firstly, the creation of a highly efficient production facility that ensures the production of products in the volumes of the prospective needs of Russian Railways; secondly, ensuring a consistently high level of product quality at all stages of its production; thirdly, the maximum exclusion of the influence of the "human factor" in complex and responsible operations for the manufacture of parts and assemblies that affect the safety of the product; fourthly, the development of flexible technologies that ensure the minimum time for setting up the production of new types of products and efficient small-scale production; fifthly, the creation of harmless and safe working conditions at all workplaces and ensuring environmental safety at the enterprise and its adjacent territories.

Serial production of railcars based on model 61-4440 began in August 2008 .

In order to go from design development to mass production of cars of a new model range, a large number of specialists, auxiliary production workers, and builders had to work hard. The result of the joint work was the technical renewal of the entire production chain.

Simultaneously with the implementation of measures to launch the production of cars of a new model range, work was carried out to increase the production capacity of the plant. If in 2003 the production capacity of OAO TVZ was 625 carriages, then as a result of the work done, by 2009 the plant's capacity had increased to 1,200 passenger carriages per year. To ensure the growth of the plant's production capacity, an intensive path was chosen - equipping the plant's workshops with high-performance equipment and technologies that make it possible to increase production volumes without expanding the total area of ​​the plant. The increase in production space for the period from 2003 to 2009 amounted to about 3000 m 2 (1.5%), while the production capacity of the plant almost doubled.

In the difficult economic conditions prevailing in the country against the backdrop of the crisis, the Tver Carriage Works continued to develop new products and new mechanisms for cooperation, including with the world's leading manufacturers of railway equipment. Tver car builders, in cooperation with the world-famous Siemens concern, have started a project to create new RIC gauge cars designed for international passenger traffic and designed for traffic both on Russian railways with a gauge of 1520 mm and European ones with a gauge of 1435 mm. According to the contract, OJSC TVZ, in cooperation with Siemens, supplies 200 passenger cars of RIC size to Russian railways for international transportation. They serve routes Moscow - Paris, Moscow - Nice, Moscow - Helsinki, Moscow - Prague, Moscow - Warsaw.

At the same time, OJSC TVZ created a fundamentally new type of rolling stock for Russia - double-decker cars designed to transport passengers over long distances. This project - from the idea to its full implementation - was implemented by the Tver Carriage Works. A prototype of a compartment passenger car was first presented to the professional public in September 2009 at the II International Railway Exhibition of Equipment and Technologies EXPO 1520, where it received high marks from specialists from Russian Railways and transport engineering enterprises. By the summer of 2013, the plant had produced 50 double-decker cars for JSC FPC: compartment cars with four-seat and two-seat compartments, staff cars with the possibility of comfortable travel for passengers with disabilities, including wheelchair users, and restaurant cars with a convenient bar for 4 boarding seats and a dining room for 48 people. Since November 1, 2013, three double-decker trains have been regularly running on the Moscow-Adler route. During the first year of operation, the branded double-decker train No. 104/103 on the Moscow-Adler route transported more than 416 thousand passengers, which is 40% more than in the same period of the previous year, when single-decker cars followed in the train.

In 2014-2015, the Tver Carriage Works built and handed over to JSC FPC another 105 double-deck cars for long-distance trains. Of these, the compositions of branded trains with the message Moscow - St. Petersburg, Moscow - Kazan, Moscow - Samara are formed.

In 2015, double-decker cars with seating were created. They are made in an innovative design and are intended for operation on interregional routes. The first train of 15 such cars set off on July 31, 2015 on the Moscow-Voronezh route. Literally two weeks later - on August 14 - a branded double-decker passenger train with seats No. 46/45 Moscow - Voronezh was included in the Russian Book of Records. It became the first "year-round regular long-distance train with the largest number of passenger seats".

Not limited to the main direction - the production of locomotive-hauled passenger cars, JSC "TVZ" is actively working to expand the range of products and develop new competencies and markets. In 2011, by order of Russian Railways, the plant's specialists created escort cars for special trains. In 2012-2013, the enterprise mastered the production of carriages for the Moscow Metro, which TVZ produced in cooperation with OAO Metrovagonmash.

In 2015, baggage and mail cars and cars for special contingent were built and handed over to customers.

In addition, together with the Transport Systems PC, Tver Carriage Works creates low-floor one- and three-section trams, as well as low-floor trolleybuses.

A fundamentally new direction for the plant was the creation of a new Russian electric train capable of competing with foreign analogues. - a new word in domestic mechanical engineering. It was created using the most modern technical solutions at the moment.

Enterprise managers

Russia's largest manufacturer of railcars for long-distance trains will celebrate its 120th anniversary this year. Today, the Tver plant develops and produces more than fifty modifications of rolling stock, including double-deck cars for long-distance trains, subway cars, the Ivolga high-speed urban electric train, as well as modern low-floor and almost silent Vityaz trams. In the anniversary year, the plant plans to produce about one and a half thousand cars and bodies - not only for the domestic market, there are orders from abroad as well.

1. The Tver plant was founded in 1898. His roots are Franco-Belgian. The enterprise made its debut with the production of freight cars, but since the beginning of the 20th century it has concentrated on rolling stock for passenger transportation. After the revolution, it was nationalized. During the Great Patriotic War, they did not manage to evacuate the plant, it was almost completely destroyed, but the enterprise was quickly restored. Tver (until 1991 - Kalinin) produced all the cars for the Soviet railways.

2. Today, the Tver plant is the only high-tech enterprise in the country that produces single- and double-decker passenger cars, including those for high-speed trains. As well as freight and special, subway cars, trams and other types of products.

3. Cold press shop. Various parts for wagons are produced here on a modern plasma cutting installation: current pulses of 5-10 kilovolts create a plasma arc that quickly and with a smooth edge cuts steel with a thickness from fractions of a millimeter to one and a half tens of centimeters.

4. From plasma arc to metal. The profile forming machine helps to produce arches for the car roof.

5. Rolled steel is shaped by CNC press brakes.

6. On the profiling line in the cold-press shop, a profiled sheet is produced for the side wall of the car.

7. One of the tasks of the fitting shop is to protect bolts and other metal products from corrosion. Here, a galvanic protective coating is applied to hardware and other parts of wagons.

8. Sandblasting area. Details of the wagon bogie are ground with abrasive particles under enormous pressure.

9. Employees of the frame and body shop assemble the side walls (“sidewalls”) of single-deck cars.

10. The welder attaches the flooring to the car frame.

11. The surface of the wagon must be even and smooth. The process of stripping the sidewall of the car.

12. A very crucial moment is the welding of the outer seams on the side walls of the body. Automation helps to create a high-quality seam quickly and stably. The unit uses advanced cold transfer technology and is almost completely spatter-free. The result is a strong and beautiful seam.

13. Assembling the roof of the car in the frame and body shop.

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15. The automatic welding of the roof elements is accompanied by constant and strict quality control. The lower the deformation from weld points, the better the appearance of the wagons.

16. Welders work on the roof of the car.

18. Over the past 10 years, the Tver plant has produced more than 7 thousand different passenger cars. The enterprise's capacities allow to produce over a thousand railcars per year.

19. Preparatory work in the painting and drying chamber. The car surface is covered with polyurethane paints and varnishes and dried at 60º C.

20. Car assembly shop. The body of the wagon is moved with the help of a transborder.

21. Transborder is a device for transferring wagons from one section of the workshop to another.

22. Employees of the car assembly shop are ready to mount the sliding door.

23. Before delivery to the technical control department, the last elements of painting are applied to the car.

24. One of the key conditions for passenger comfort is the ventilation system in the passenger compartment.

25. Finished products of the car assembly shop.

26. Passenger and mail cars of various modifications awaiting shipment to customers. The Tver plant has its own railway line with access to the Moscow - St. Petersburg highway.

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28. On this line, double-deck cars are assembled - a type of rolling stock that is fundamentally new for domestic roads for transporting passengers over long distances. The Tver plant has already produced more than 150 such cars.

29. The Tver plant produces rolling stock not only for mainline passenger traffic. A welder works on assembling the lead car of the future St. Petersburg metro train.

30. A few years ago, the Tverskoy plant mastered the production of cars for the Moscow Metro together with Metrovagonmash OJSC, both enterprises are part of the Russian Transmashholding.

31. Metro cars of series 81-722 "Yubileyny" were created specifically for the St. Petersburg Metro.

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34. Ready car body for the subway.

35. The finished body of the subway car.

36. The Tver Carriage Works produces bodies for modern low-floor trams.

37. A slipway for assembling tram bodies.

38. Installation of the frame of the tram series 71-931M "Vityaz-M".

39. Assembly of the head section "Vityaz-M" for Moscow.

40. Ready "Vityaz-M". The company in Tver has already produced more than 120 trams of this modification of low-floor trams.

41. Foundry.

42. Pouring cast iron for the production of car parts.

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44. Truck shop.

45. Production of axles for wheelsets in the bogie shop.

46. Trolley coloring.

47. Bogie pneumatic spring for the newest urban electric train EG2Tv "Ivolga". Thanks to advanced solutions, the train developed in Tver accelerates to 160, and in the future - up to 250 km/h.

48. Elements of the interior of the cars are created in a woodworking shop. Processing of aluminum parts for the interior space of the cars is underway.

49. Assembly of parts of partitions for the interior of the car.

50. Shelves, tables and other elements in railroad cars are also called furniture. And they make it in a woodworking shop.

51. The inner surfaces of the wagons are coated with polyester powder paints on an automated line.

52. How neatly and efficiently the furniture of the car will look is the area of ​​​​special responsibility of the sewing section.

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54. Processing of parts on a milling machining center in repair and tool production.

55. The energy "heart" of the plant is the boiler shop.

56. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Tver Carriage Works experienced a serious crisis, in order to save the unique production for Russia, the government of the country took a number of urgent measures (restriction on the purchase of cars abroad, Russian Railways subsidies for the purchase of domestic products, the abolition of VAT on long-distance transportation - with the condition that carriers will use the freed up resources to purchase new Russian-made rolling stock).

57. Support from the state has had an effect: the Tver plant today receives a stable profit and develops new types of products.